Cyberspace refers to the virtual environment of interconnected digital networks, including the internet, where communication, data exchange, and online interactions occur. It forms the foundation for modern digital life, encompassing social media, online services, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The decentralized and borderless nature of cyberspace raises complex legal and jurisdictional issues, particularly around privacy, data protection, and digital rights.
Cybercrime includes illegal activities carried out using digital technology or occurring in the digital realm. Common forms include hacking, identity theft, cyberstalking, phishing, cyberterrorism, and online financial fraud. The subject examines national and international cybercrime laws, the role of agencies in investigation and enforcement, and challenges in prosecution due to anonymity, cross-border operations, and rapid technological change.
E-commerce (electronic commerce) involves the buying and selling of goods and services via digital platforms. This section addresses the legal framework governing online contracts, digital signatures, consumer protection, payment systems, taxation, and intellectual property in the online domain. It also explores regulations under IT laws, the role of intermediaries, and dispute resolution mechanisms in the digital marketplace.
Digital governance refers to the policies, legal frameworks, and strategies governments adopt to manage digital technologies and internet-based services. This includes e-governance initiatives, digital identity systems (like Aadhaar in India), data localization, cybersecurity policies, digital inclusion, and ensuring transparency and accountability in public digital services. The subject also explores global trends in internet governance and the regulation of big tech.
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Concept and Evolution of Cyberspace
Architecture and Functioning of the Internet
Legal Recognition of Cyberspace
Jurisdictional Challenges in Cyberspace
Digital Identity and Anonymity Online
Definition and Types of Cybercrime
Hacking and Unauthorized Access
Identity Theft and Phishing
Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking
Cyberterrorism and Espionage
Online Financial Frauds
Tools and Techniques Used in Cybercrime
Legal Framework:
Information Technology Act, 2000 (India)
IPC Provisions Relating to Cybercrime
International Conventions (e.g., Budapest Convention)
Investigation and Enforcement Mechanisms
Role of Cyber Forensics
Case Studies and Landmark Judgments
Overview and Growth of E-commerce
Types of E-commerce Models: B2B, B2C, C2C, etc.
Legal Aspects of E-commerce Transactions
E-contracts and Click-wrap Agreements
Validity of Digital Signatures
Electronic Records and Evidence
Consumer Protection in E-commerce
Intermediary Liability and Safe Harbour
Cross-border E-commerce and Jurisdiction Issues
Taxation and Regulatory Compliance in E-commerce
Concept and Objectives of Digital Governance
E-Governance Models and Implementation in India
National Digital Initiatives (e.g., Digital India, Aadhaar)
Cybersecurity Policies and Data Protection Laws
Regulation of Social Media and OTT Platforms
Emerging Trends: AI Governance, Blockchain Regulation
Role of International Organizations in Internet Governance
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Digital Governance
| AIR Cyberspace, Cybercrime, E-commerce and Digital Governance |
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