Goyle's Law of Easements & Licences

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Part 1
Easements
Chapter
       1        Introduction                                                                                           3-13
              Easement and servitude................................................................. 3
              Easement defined............................................................................ 4
              Background of Easements Act 1882 in India............................ 5
              Scope and applicability of the Act............................................... 8
              Savings............................................................................................ 10
              Construction of certain references to Act XV of 1877
                and Act IX of 1871 (s. 3)........................................................... 11
              Cognate Acts dealing with easement in India.......................... 11
              Scheme of the Act......................................................................... 13
       2        Of Easements Generally                  ...................................................... ....... 14-95
              Easement—definition of.............................................................. 14
              Dominant tenement and servient tenement............................. 15
              Easement under American law................................................... 15
              Easement—not proprietary right................................................ 16
              Claim of easementary right......................................................... 17
              Characteristic feature of an easement....................................... 17
              Essential characteristics................................................................ 18
              Existence of a dominant and a servient tenement.................. 19
              Meaning of “appurtenant”.......................................................... 20
                    Dominant tenement................................................................ 20
                    Servient tenement.................................................................... 21
              Easement to accommodate dominant tenement.................... 21
              Acquisition of right in easement.................................................. 22
              No acquisition of easementary right.......................................... 23
              Easement and co-ownership........................................................ 25
              Profit a prendre............................................................................... 26
              Dominant and servient owners to be different persons.......... 27
              Co-owners....................................................................................... 28
              Co-ownership and partnership.................................................... 30
                    Common passage.................................................................... 30
                    Common well........................................................................... 31
                    Common channel.................................................................... 33
                    Party wall................................................................................... 36
                    Co-parcenary property........................................................... 40
              Easement to be capable of forming
                subject-matter of grant............................................................... 42
              Essential qualities of easement................................................... 44
              Classification of easement........................................................... 44
              Positive easement and negative easement................................ 44
              Continuous and non-continuous (or discontinuous)
                easements...................................................................................... 46
              Apparent and non-apparent easements.................................... 46
              Easement of necessity.................................................................. 46
              Classification of easements according to duration................. 47
              Prescriptive easement.................................................................... 48
              Legal easement and equitable easement.................................. 48
              Equitable easements..................................................................... 48
              Easements and incidents of ownership...................................... 49
                    Right to build............................................................................ 51
                    Right to pollution-free passage of air................................... 52
                    Right to comfortable living.................................................... 52
                    Right to light and air................................................................ 54
                    Right to support........................................................................ 56
                    Right to pollution-free water.................................................. 59
                    Right to collect and dispose of surface and
                      percolating water.................................................................... 60
                    Right to flow of natural stream............................................. 62
                    Right to flow of water in undefined channels..................... 66
                    Right to use water of pond..................................................... 69
                    Rights of a riparian owner to use water............................... 69
                    Rights and obligations as between ryots in India and
                      State in matter of supply of water for irrigation............... 78
              Repair or alteration of watercourses.......................................... 86
              Navigation....................................................................................... 87
              Distinction between easement and other rights........................ 87
                    Easement and ownership....................................................... 87
                    Easement and licence............................................................. 87
                    Easement and local customary rights.................................. 88
                    Easement and profit a prendre.............................................. 89
                    Easement and way leave....................................................... 90
                    Easement and natural rights.................................................. 90
                    Easement and public rights.................................................... 90
                    Easement and restrictive covenant...................................... 91
              Concept of profit a prendre and its applicability
                under the Act................................................................................ 92
                    Profit a prendre......................................................................... 92
                    Profit a prendre appurtenant................................................. 93
                    Profit a prendre in gross.......................................................... 93
                    Classification of profits a prendre........................................ 93
                    Extinguishment of profits a prendre..................................... 93
                    Indian law on profit a prendre............................................... 94
       3        Imposition, Acquisition and Transfer of Easements..................................................... ..      96-211
A. Imposition
              Imposition of easements.............................................................. 96
                    ‘Imposed’—meaning of......................................................... 97
                    Constructive grant by acquiescence..................................... 97
                    Competent grantors/grantees................................................ 98
              Creation of easement.................................................................... 99
              Further easements........................................................................ 102
              Imposition by limited owner...................................................... 103
B. Acquisition
              Acquisition of easement ............................................................ 104
              Some illustrative cases   ............................................................. 106
                    Trespasser and easement..................................................... 106
                    Right of way under express terms....................................... 106
                    Right of way on transfer of tenement................................ 107
                    Use of passage........................................................................ 107
                    Easement of necessity.......................................................... 107
              Easements of necessity and quasi-easements........................ 107
                    Sweepers and scavengers..................................................... 111
                    Ways acquired by prescription in American law.............. 115
       3        Imposition, Acquisition and Transfer
                     of Easements—continued
              Right of parking........................................................................... 115
                    Quasi-easements.................................................................... 115
                    Example of quasi easement................................................ 127
                    Artificial water course........................................................... 128
              Acquisition by prescription   ...................................................... 128
                    General..................................................................................... 128
                    Custom  and prescription..................................................... 128
                    Positive and negative prescription...................................... 129
                          Presumption of prescription........................................... 129
                    Prescription and adverse possession................................... 130
                    Section 4 vis-a-vis s. 15 of the Act...................................... 136
                    When property as Government property........................... 155
                    Persons claiming right of easement.................................... 157
              Rule for acquisition of such easements—
                prescriptive rights....................................................................... 157
                    Rule relating to right to access and use of light or air...... 157
                    Infringement of right to light................................................ 159
                    Rule relating to right of support........................................... 160
                    Rule relating to right of way................................................. 162
              Location of ways of necessity................................................... 171
                    Rule relating to other easements......................................... 171
              Exceptions .................................................................................... 182
              Nature of right on burial and cremation ground.................... 186
              Acquisition by lost modern grant.............................................. 188
              Customary easement.................................................................. 190
              Custom ......................................................................................... 190
              Local custom................................................................................ 190
              Right of privacy........................................................................... 196
              Right to other customary easement......................................... 203
              Dedication to public.................................................................... 207
                    Pleading and proof ............................................................... 207
C.  Transfer or Devolution or Disposition of Dominant Tenement
              Disposition of easement............................................................. 211
       4        Incidents of Easements                   ...................................................         212-246
              General rule................................................................................... 212
              Statutory incidents—use must be connected with
                enjoyment................................................................................... 213
              Mode of employment and right to alter it............................... 215
              Right to enjoy ancillary or accessory rights............................. 221
              Liability for expenses necessary for
                preservation of easement......................................................... 225
        4       Incidents of Easements—continued
              Liability for damage for want of repair................................... 226
              Servient owner’s obligations....................................................... 226
              Extent of easements.................................................................... 229
                    Easement of necessity.......................................................... 229
                    Other easements..................................................................... 230
              Persons entitled to use right of way........................................... 234
              Liability and right to repair way................................................ 234
                    Public highway....................................................................... 235
                    Right to light or air acquired by grant................................. 238
                    Prescriptive right to light or air............................................. 238