The Supreme Court of India plays a pivotal role in interpreting and enforcing property laws, shaping the legal framework through landmark judgments. Property laws in India are governed by various statutes such as the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, Indian Succession Act, 1925, Hindu Succession Act, 1956, Registration Act, 1908, Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988, and others.
The Court has delivered several landmark rulings on key issues including:
Right to Property (Article 300A): While the right to property is no longer a fundamental right (after the 44th Constitutional Amendment), the Supreme Court ensures it remains a constitutional legal right, protecting citizens from arbitrary deprivation.
Inheritance and Succession: The Court has clarified equal rights for daughters in ancestral property (e.g., Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, 2020), ensuring gender equality under the Hindu Succession Act.
Adverse Possession: It has defined the legal principles regarding claims of ownership based on adverse possession and the need for open, hostile, and continuous possession.
Land Acquisition: The Court has ruled on various aspects of compulsory acquisition by the state, emphasizing fair compensation, public purpose, and due process, notably under the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act, 2013.
Benami Property: The apex court has upheld the constitutional validity of anti-benami laws and supported the state’s right to confiscate properties held in others’ names to curb black money.
The Supreme Court continues to guide the evolution of property rights in India, balancing individual ownership rights with public interest, and resolving complex disputes through judicial interpretation.
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Evolution of property laws in India
Constitutional and statutory framework
Role of the judiciary in property disputes
Article 300A – Right to Property as a constitutional right
Essentials of valid transfer
Doctrine of part performance (Section 53A)
Supreme Court's view on conditional transfers and vested interests
Case laws interpreting Section 41 to Section 54
Historical background: From Fundamental Right to Legal Right
Important cases:
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Jilubhai Nanbhai Khachar v. State of Gujarat
K.T. Plantation v. State of Karnataka
Public purpose and compensation principles
Principles laid down in:
Indore Development Authority v. Manoharlal
State of Haryana v. Mukesh Kumar
Fair compensation under Land Acquisition Act, 2013
Rehabilitation and Resettlement issues
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Equal rights of daughters – Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma (2020)
Muslim succession principles – judicial clarifications
Testamentary vs. Intestate succession
Overview of Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988
Supreme Court on Benami property:
Union of India v. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt Ltd
Constitutional validity and retrospective effect
Elements of adverse possession: Open, continuous, hostile
Landmark judgment: Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Government of India
Recent rulings tightening adverse possession claims
Lease vs. License – Supreme Court tests
Eviction of tenants – landlord-tenant jurisprudence
Rent control and fair rent concept
Rights of way and light
Unauthorized constructions and SC’s demolition orders
Environmental protection vs. property rights
Trends towards protection of individual property rights
Balancing state’s power vs. private ownership
Suggestions for legal reforms
Digitization of land records and Supreme Court's observations
| Mitra SUPREME COURT ON PROPERTY LAWS |
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