Preface to the Second Edition................................................................. ........ [7]
Preface to the First Edition....................................................................... ........ [9]
Table of Cases........................................................................................... [29]
Introduction ............................................................................................. ...... 1
Justification for ADR ................................................................................... 2
Object ........................................................................................................... 3
Advantages of ADR ..................................................................................... 4
Goals ............................................................................................................ 5
Themes of ADR movement .......................................................................... 5
Meaning of Alternative Dispute Resolution ................................................. 6
Characteristics of ADR system ................................................................... 6
Importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution................................................ 7
Part one
Chapter
1 Arbitration ...... 9
Arbitration—meaning............................................................................ 9
History of arbitration........................................................................... 11
Arbitration during British period......................................................... 14
Background of the new Act................................................................. 16
Different kinds of arbitration............................................................... 17
Statutory arbitration............................................................................. 17
Arbitration agreement.......................................................................... 18
Essentials............................................................................................. 19
Test .................................................................................................... 20
Existence of dispute—pre-requisite for assumption of jurisdiction 22
Arbitral award—must be certain ........................................................ 22
Mere signature—not a waiver ........................................................... 22
Attributes of arbitration clause ............................................................ 22
Repudiation by one party—effect ...................................................... 23
Repudiation and breach of contract—effect ....................................... 23
Limitation Act—applicability .............................................................. 23
Powers of court and powers of tribunal—distinction ........................ 24
Contract prevail over principles of natural justice ............................... 24
Arbitration agreement not duly stamped—effect ............................... 24
Arbitration clause—an independent contract ...................................... 24
Unregistered arbitration agreement—can be acted upon ..................... 25
Not to decide question lack of jurisdiction as preliminary issue ........ 25
Decide plea of jurisdiction in first instance ........................................ 25
Conduct of arbitral proceedings .......................................................... 26
Ad hoc arbitration .............................................................................. 26
Advantages ......................................................................................... 27
Institutional arbitration ........................................................................ 27
Advantages of institutional arbitration ............................................... 29
Supreme Court on institutional arbitration ........................................ 31
Distinction between ad hoc arbitration and institutional arbitration...... 33
Procedure............................................................................................ 33
Fixing of venue ................................................................................. 36
Waiver of forum selection clause ....................................................... 36
Seat of arbitration .............................................................................. 37
Preliminary meeting ............................................................................ 37
Power to allow amendment ............................................................... 38
Prayer to produce document ............................................................... 39
Commencement of arbitral proceeding—when .................................. 39
Court when entertain application after constitution of arbitral tribunal 39
Matter considered by Supreme Court or High Court before appointment of Arbitrator 40
Application for appointment of Arbitrator—time limit ....................... 40
Facts to be disclosed by prospective Arbitrator before his appointment 40
Party when apply for interim measures ............................................. 41
Matters for which application made ................................................... 41
Recording of oral evidence ................................................................ 41
Time limit for arbitral award ............................................................. 42
Extension of time limit ........................................................................ 42
Power of court .................................................................................... 43
Award of cost .................................................................................... 43
Disposal of application of extension of period—mode and manner 43
Procedure before Arbitrator ............................................................... 43
Consideration ..................................................................................... 44
Consider evidence of one party—effect ............................................. 45
Arbitrator should follow principles of natural justice ........................ 46
Judge of choice of parties .................................................................. 47
Chief rules of natural justice .............................................................. 47
Not shut out one of the parties ........................................................... 47
Equal opportunity be given to each parties ........................................ 48
Fast track procedure............................................................................ 48
Regime for costs.................................................................................. 49
Termination of proceedings ................................................................ 50
Parties agree to termination of mandate ............................................. 52
Withdrawal versus refusal .................................................................. 52
Correction of award and interpretation of award ............................... 52
Additional award ............................................................................... 53
Award—final .................................................................................... 53
Setting aside of arbitral award by court ............................................. 54
Condonation of delay ......................................................................... 55
Grounds ............................................................................................ 55
Public policy—meaning ..................................................................... 57
An award is in conflict with the public policy of India ...................... 57
Set aside of award ............................................................................. 58
Issuance of prior notice ..................................................................... 58
Time limit of disposal of application .................................................. 58
Prejudice—not required to be proved ................................................ 58
Award not challenged on the ground of inadequacy .......................... 58
Procedure ........................................................................................... 59
Enforcement of arbitral award ............................................................ 59
Filing of application does not ipso facto render the award unenforceable 59
Stay of operation of arbitral award .................................................... 59
Stay of arbitral award for payment of money and principle to be followed 60
Preamble ............................................................................................ 60
Rules of construction of a statute......................................................... 60
Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an arbitration agreement 60
Original arbitration agreement if not available ................................... 62
Conditions ......................................................................................... 62
Submission of first statement defence—impact ................................. 62
First statement on the substance of the dispute .................................. 62
Section 8 of 1996 Act and section 34 of 1940 Act—comparison ...... 63
Interim measures by court................................................................... 64
How application made ....................................................................... 64
1 Arbitration—continued
Stay under inherent power by court .................................................... 65
Interim injunction ............................................................................... 66
Injunction to restrain arbitration .......................................................... 66
Enforcement of award of interest—statement of interest to be stated 67
Limitation ........................................................................................... 67
Comparison between Arbitration Act 1940 and Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 67
Advantages of arbitration ................................................................... 70
Duties of Arbitrator............................................................................. 71
Power.................................................................................................. 73
Breach of duties—consequence .......................................................... 77
Instance of deliberate breach of duties ............................................... 77
Supreme Court on award of interest ................................................... 77
Appointment of Arbitrators................................................................. 78
Mode of appointment ........................................................................ 81
Section 11(5)—when invoked ............................................................ 82
Application under s. 11(6)—when filed ............................................. 82
Appointment of serving officer as Arbitrator...................................... 83
Condition of neutrality and appointment of Arbitrator ........................ 84
Ground raises doubt about independence or impartiality of Arbitrators 85
Appointment of Presiding Arbitrator—procedure............................... 88
Arbitrator cannot go beyond agreement............................................... 89
Whether arbitration agreement is condition precedent ........................ 90
Principles ............................................................................................ 90
Time limit .......................................................................................... 93
Dispute under Copyright Act—may refer to arbitration ..................... 94
Relation between Arbitration and Conciliation Act and SARFAESI Act 94
Death of a party—effect .................................................................... 94
Government as party ....................................................................... 94
Extent of judicial intervention ............................................................ 95
Appeal ............................................................................................... 95
Arbitration Council of India ............................................................ 95A
Qualification and Experience of Arbitrator....................................... 95C
General Norms applicable to Arbitrators.......................................... 95D
Uncitral Model Law and Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 96
Comparison between uncitral Arbitration Rules 1976, Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 and UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration Law 1985 and English Arbitration Act 1996................................................... 96
Arbitration in U.K. ............................................................................. 97
Arbitration in Australia ...................................................................... 99
Arbitration in Canada ....................................................................... 100
Arbitration in Sri Lanka .................................................................... 100
Arbitration in USA ........................................................................... 100
2 Conciliation ........ 101
Conciliation—meaning...................................................................... 101
Arbitration and Conciliation—distinction.......................................... 102
Conciliation and reconciliation—distinction...................................... 103
Conciliation and mediation—distinction............................................ 103
History of conciliation....................................................................... 103
Salient features.................................................................................. 105
Role of the Conciliator....................................................................... 109
Kinds of Conciliation......................................................................... 110
Advantages........................................................................................ 111
Disadvantages................................................................................... 112
Stages of Conciliation........................................................................ 112
Conciliation in Japan......................................................................... 113
Conciliation in Norway..................................................................... 116
Comparison between uncitral Conciliation
Rules 1980 and the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act 1996..................................................
