Streamline justice: Set clear timelines, minimize procedural delays, and use digital tools (e‑FIRs, video hearings, AI-enabled forensic systems).
Victim‑centric justice: Introduces mandatory victim information sharing, compensation, and witness protection.
Consolidated legislation: Repeals multiple CrPC provisions and simplifies the legal framework.
Section 173 mandates registration of a "Zero FIR" for cognisable offences (3–7 years imprisonment) at any police station, regardless of jurisdiction. The case is then transferred to the appropriate station.
For offences punishable by 7+ years, forensic evidence collection is mandatory; crime scene experts must document digitally. Trials can proceed electronically, including remote witness testimonies.
Key deadlines include:
Medical report submission within 7 days in rape cases.
Accused must receive copies of documents within 14 days.
Charges framed within 60 days, judgements delivered within 30 days (extendable to 60).
Investigation status updates to victims every 90 days.
Maximum police custody is 15 days, which can be split across an overall 60‑day (ordinary offences) or 90‑day (serious offences) period.
Bail is restricted for individuals facing multiple charges or repeated cases; anticipatory bail rules are tightened.
Retained but limited: only sentence bargaining, and must be filed within 30 days after charges are framed.
Victims are entitled to:
Free FIR copies and related documents.
Periodic updates on investigation status.
Compensation via court orders or structured victim‑compensation schemes.
Section 398 mandates each state to notify a formal Witness Protection Scheme, offering security, relocation, confidentiality, or identity change where needed.
Search & seizure must be documented via mandatory video recording and inventory listsSeizure of immovable property allowed if tied to alleged proceeds of crime. Proclaimed offenders can be tried in absentia after a 90‑day wait.
Magistrates may demand signatures, fingerprints, or voice samples even from non-arrested individuals.
Arresting officers must immediately communicate to the accused the full grounds of arrest and their right to consult a lawyer. Medical examination must follow promptly.
Use of audio‑video technology is mandated for charge explanations and courtroom proceedings.
Critics highlight increased police powers and limited bail provisions, potentially undermining civil liberties.
Some observers raise alarms over potential misuse of anti‑terrorism definitions and removal of legal aid at arrest
| Feature | Summary |
|---|---|
| Zero FIR | FIR possible anywhere regardless of crime scene jurisdiction |
| Forensic & Tech-use | Mandatory forensic collection; e-FIRs, video trials, AI tools |
| Timelines | Strict deadlines for medical reports, charges, judgements, updates |
| Custody & Bail | Short-term custody; bail restricted for repeat/multiple offenses |
| Witness Protection | State‑mandated schemes under Section 398 |
| Victim Compensation | Court awards or structured victim schemes available |
| Expanded Police Powers | Seizure of immovable assets; in‑absentia trials; specimen gathering |
| Legal Safeguards | Right to lawyer, immediate offense info, medical exams for arrested |
The BNSS mobile-grenade transforms India’s criminal justice landscape by combining technology, timelines, and victim safeguards in a citizen-centric framework. While promising improved efficiency, transparency, and accountability, its expanded police authority and tighter bail restrictions warrant vigilance and robust implementation oversight.
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The BNSS aims to modernize and Indianize the criminal procedure system by:
Ensuring citizen-centric justice.
Enforcing timely investigation, trial, and judgment.
Promoting digital transformation in law enforcement and judiciary.
Enhancing victim rights, accountability, and transparency.
e-FIRs and electronic communication of summons.
Video recording of search and seizure operations is mandatory.
Remote testimonies, digital evidence submissions, and virtual trials permitted.
Integration of forensic teams for serious offences (7+ years punishment).
Charge framing must be completed within 60 days of the first hearing.
Judgments must be delivered within 30 days of the conclusion of trial (extendable to 60).
Medical reports in sexual offence cases to be submitted within 7 days.
Investigation updates must be given to victims every 90 days.
Police custody can be spread out over the entire 60/90-day period (instead of fixed 15 days).
Bail is more restrictive for repeat offenders and under certain special laws.
Anticipatory bail provisions are limited in sensitive cases.
Right to:
Receive copies of FIRs and reports.
Get regular updates on case status.
Obtain compensation and protection under state schemes.
Witness protection scheme mandated under Section 398.
Any police station must register a cognizable offence (punishable between 3–7 years) regardless of jurisdiction. It is later transferred to the correct police station.
Accused declared absconding can now be tried in their absence after 90 days.
Accused must be:
Informed immediately of grounds of arrest.
Allowed to contact a lawyer.
Medically examined upon arrest.
Protected during video-recorded interrogations and court processes.
Voice samples, handwriting, fingerprint collection allowed even without arrest.
Seizure of immovable property possible when tied to a crime.
Search and seizure to be digitally documented.
The BNSS consists of:
531 Sections (increased from CrPC’s 484)
Organized under multiple chapters including Arrest, Bail, Trial, Sentencing, Appeal, and Execution of Sentences.
Expanded police powers may raise civil liberty concerns.
Bail limitations may affect access to justice.
Some fear potential misuse without strong oversight.
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